Making a Kali Bootable USB Drive in Windows , Mac and Linux 2021
Our favourite way, and the fastest method, for getting up and running with Kali Linux is to run it “live” from a USB drive. This method has several advantages:
- It’s non-destructive — it makes no changes to the host system’s hard drive or installed OS, and to go back to normal operations, you simply remove the “Kali Live” USB drive and restart the system.
- It’s portable — you can carry Kali Linux in your pocket and have it running in minutes on an available system
- It’s customizable — you can roll your own custom Kali Linux ISO image and put it onto a USB drive using the same procedures
- It’s potentially persistent — with a bit of extra effort, you can configure your Kali Linux “live” USB drive to have persistent storage, so the data you collect is saved across reboots
In order to do this, we first need to create a bootable USB drive which has been set up from an ISO image of Kali Linux.
Windows
What You’ll Need for Windows
A verified copy of the appropriate ISO image of the latest Kali build image for the system you’ll be running it on: see the details on downloading official Kali Linux images.
If you’re running under Windows, there is not one tool that is considered the overall best for imaging. We recommend Etcher, however Rufus https://rufus.ie/
is another popular option. If one does not work for you, consider the other.
A USB thumb drive, 4GB or larger. (Systems with a direct SD card slot can use an SD card with similar capacity. The procedure is identical.)
Kali Linux Live USB Install Procedure
The specifics of this procedure will vary depending on whether you’re doing it on a Windows, Linux, or macOS/OS X system.
Creating a Bootable Kali USB Drive on Windows (Etcher)
Plug your USB drive into an available USB port on your Windows PC, note which drive designator (e.g. “F:\“) it uses once it mounts, and launch Etcher.
Choose the Kali Linux ISO file to be imaged with “select image” and verify that the USB drive to be overwritten is the correct one. Click the “Flash!” button once ready.
3. Once Etcher alerts you that the image has been flashed, you can safely remove the USB drive and proceed to boot into Kali with it.
macOS/OS X
What You’ll Need
A verified copy of the appropriate ISO image of the latest Kali build image for the system you’ll be running it on: see the details on downloading official Kali Linux images.
If you’re running under macOS/OS X, you can use the
ddcommand, which is pre-installed on those platforms, or use Etcher.A USB thumb drive, 4GB or larger. (Systems with a direct SD card slot can use an SD card with similar capacity. The procedure is identical.)
Kali Linux Live USB Install Procedure
The specifics of this procedure will vary depending on whether you’re doing it on a Windows, Linux, or macOS/OS X system.
Creating a Bootable Kali USB Drive on macOS/OS X (DD)
macOS/OS X is based on UNIX, so creating a bootable Kali Linux USB drive in an macOS/OS X environment is similar to doing it on Linux. Once you’ve downloaded and verified your chosen Kali ISO file, you use dd to copy it over to your USB stick. If you would prefer to use Etcher, then follow the same directions as a Windows user. Note that the USB drive will have a path similar to /dev/disk2.
WARNING: Although the process of imaging Kali on a USB drive is very easy, you can just as easily overwrite a disk drive you didn't intend to with dd if you do not understand what you are doing, or if you specify an incorrect output path. Double-check what you're doing before you do it, it'll be too late afterwards. Consider yourself warned.
Without the USB drive plugged into the system, open a Terminal window, and type the command
diskutil listat the command prompt.You will get a list of the device paths (looking like /dev/disk0, /dev/disk1, etc.) of the disks mounted on your system, along with information on the partitions on each of the disks.
3. Plug in your USB device to your Apple computer’s USB port and run the command diskutil list a second time. Your USB drive’s path will most likely be the last one. In any case, it will be one which wasn’t present before. In this example, you can see that there is now a /dev/disk6 which wasn’t previously present.
4. Unmount the drive (assuming, for this example, the USB stick is /dev/disk6 — do not simply copy this, verify the correct path on your own system!):
% diskutil unmountDisk /dev/disk6
Proceed to (carefully!) image the Kali ISO file on the USB device. The following command assumes that your USB drive is on the path /dev/disk6, and you’re in the same directory with your Kali Linux ISO, which is named “kali-linux-2020.2-live-amd64.iso”. We will replace /dev/disk6 with /dev/rdisk6 to improve the write speeds:
% sudo dd if=kali-linux-2020.2-live-amd64.iso of=/dev/rdisk6 bs=4m
Increasing the blocksize (bs) will speed up the write progress, but will also increase the chances of creating a bad USB stick. Using the given value on macOS/OS X has produced reliable images consistently.
Imaging the USB drive can take a good amount of time, over half an hour is not unusual, as the sample output below shows. Be patient!
The dd command provides no feedback until it’s completed, but if your drive has an access indicator, you’ll probably see it flickering from time to time. The time to dd the image across will depend on the speed of the system used, USB drive itself, and USB port it’s inserted into. Once dd has finished imaging the drive, it will output something that looks like this:
2911+1 records in
2911+1 records out
3053371392 bytes transferred in 2151.132182 secs (1419425 bytes/sec)
And that’s it!
Creating a Bootable Kali USB Drive on macOS/OS X (Etcher)
Alternatively, Etcher can be used.
Download and run Etcher.
Choose the Kali Linux ISO file to be imaged with “select image” and verify that the USB drive to be overwritten is the correct one. Click the “Flash!” button once ready.
3. Once Etcher alerts you that the image has been flashed, you can safely remove the USB drive.
You can now boot into a Kali Live / Installer environment using the USB device.
To boot from an alternate drive on an macOS/OS X system, bring up the boot menu by pressing the Option key immediately after powering on the device and select the drive you want to use.
For more information, see Apple’s knowledge base.
LINUX
What You’ll Need for Linux
A verified copy of the appropriate ISO image of the latest Kali build image for the system you’ll be running it on: see the details on downloading official Kali Linux images.
If you’re running under Linux, you can use the
ddcommand, which is pre-installed, or use Etcher.A USB thumb drive, 4GB or larger. (Systems with a direct SD card slot can use an SD card with similar capacity. The procedure is identical.)
Kali Linux Live USB Install Procedure
The specifics of this procedure will vary depending on whether you’re doing it on a Windows, Linux, or macOS/OS X system.
Creating a Bootable Kali USB Drive on Linux (DD)
Creating a bootable Kali Linux USB key in a Linux environment is easy. Once you’ve downloaded and verified your Kali ISO file, you can use the dd command to copy it over to your USB stick using the following procedure. Note that you’ll need to be running as root, or to execute the dd command with sudo. The following example assumes a Linux Mint 17.1 desktop — depending on the distro you’re using, a few specifics may vary slightly, but the general idea should be very similar. If you would prefer to use Etcher, then follow the same directions as a Windows user. Note that the USB drive will have a path similar to /dev/sdb.
WARNING: Although the process of imaging Kali Linux onto a USB drive is very easy, you can just as easily overwrite a disk drive you didn't intend to with dd if you do not understand what you are doing, or if you specify an incorrect output path. Double-check what you're doing before you do it, it'll be too late afterwards. Consider yourself warned.
- First, you’ll need to identify the device path to use to write the image to your USB drive. Without the USB drive inserted into a port, execute the command
sudo fdisk -lat a command prompt in a terminal window (if you don’t use elevated privileges with fdisk, you won’t get any output). You’ll get output that will look something (not exactly) like this, showing a single drive — “/dev/sda” — containing three partitions (/dev/sda1, /dev/sda2, and /dev/sda5):
2. Now, plug your USB drive into an available USB port on your system, and run the same command, “sudo fdisk -l” a second time. Now, the output will look something (again, not exactly) like this, showing an additional device which wasn’t there previously, in this example “/dev/sdb”, a 16GB USB drive:
3. Proceed to (carefully!) image the Kali ISO file on the USB device. The example command below assumes that the ISO image you’re writing is named “kali-linux-2020.2-live-amd64.iso” and is in your current working directory. The blocksize parameter can be increased, and while it may speed up the operation of the dd command, it can occasionally produce unbootable USB drives, depending on your system and a lot of different factors. The recommended value, “bs=4M”, is conservative and reliable.
dd if=kali-linux-2020.2-live-amd64.iso of=/dev/sdb bs=4M
Imaging the USB drive can take a good amount of time, over ten minutes or more is not unusual, as the sample output below shows. Be patient!
The dd command provides no feedback until it’s completed, but if your drive has an access indicator, you’ll probably see it flickering from time to time. The time to dd the image across will depend on the speed of the system used, USB drive itself, and USB port it’s inserted into. Once dd has finished imaging the drive, it will output something that looks like this:
5823+1 records in
5823+1 records out
3053371392 bytes (3.1 GB) copied, 746.211 s, 4.1 MB/s
That’s it, really!
Creating a Bootable Kali USB Drive on Linux (DD with status)
Alternatively there are a few other options available for imaging.
The first option is dd with a status indicator. This is only available on newer systems however. To do this, we simply add the status flag.
dd if=kali-linux-2020.2-live-amd64.iso of=/dev/sdb bs=4M status=progress
Another option is to use pv. We can also use the size flag here to get an approximate timer. Change the size depending on the image being used.
dd if=kali-linux-2020.2-live-amd64.iso | pv -s 2.8G | dd of=/dev/sdb bs=4M
Creating a Bootable Kali USB Drive on Linux (Etcher)
The third is Etcher.
Download and run Etcher.
Choose the Kali Linux ISO file to be imaged with “select image” and verify that the USB drive to be overwritten is the correct one. Click the “Flash!” button once ready.
3. Once Etcher alerts you that the image has been flashed, you can safely remove the USB drive.
You can now boot into a Kali Live / Installer environment using the USB device.
