AWS Essentials - Part 3 [ Compute in AWS Cloud ]

Compute in AWS Cloud

Compute forms the nucleus of creating and executing business.

AWS provides several compute products that allow to deploy, run, and scale applications as virtual servers, code, or containers.

Compute Covers

• Simple websites and applications on one or a few servers
• Control and manage cluster or server-level functions such as deployment and scaling
• Manage stateful or stateless applications packaged as Docker containers
• Stateless, event-initiated applications that require fast response times

AWS Compute Offerings

Different Compute services offered by AWS.

• Amazon EC2 - Virtual Servers in the Cloud
• Amazon EC2 Container Service - Run and Manage Docker Containers
• AWS Lambda - Run Code in Response to Events
• Amazon EC2 Container Registry - Store and Retrieve Docker Images
• Amazon LightSail - Launch and Manage Virtual Private Servers
• Amazon VPC - Isolated Cloud Resources
• AWS Batch - Run Batch Jobs at Any Scale
• AWS Elastic Beanstalk - Run and Manage Web Apps
• Auto Scaling - Automatic Elasticity

What is Amazon EC2?

Whatever kind of application you run; you're certainly going to need servers. Sometimes you might need larger ones and sometimes you might need smaller ones. Sometimes you might not need many and other times you might need tens or hundreds. Whatever your requirements, wouldn't it be great to be able to obtain servers quickly and inexpensively? Traditionally, obtaining servers could be quite time-consuming and typically something that could take weeks or even months.

You have to research into the right kind of hardware to buy, maybe get budget approval and then purchase the hardware, have it racked and stacked and eventually, get access to your servers. and once you've purchased the servers, you are stuck with them.

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud or Amazon EC2 makes it easy for you to obtain virtual servers also known as compute instances in the cloud quickly and inexpensively. You simply choose the instance type you want, the template you would like to use which could be based on Windows or Linux and launch the quantity you need.

You can do this with a few clicks from the AWS Management Console or automate the process via an API using SDK in your choice of language within minutes your instances will be running and you will have access with full administrative control just like any other server and with Amazon EC2 you pay only for what you use.

When you're done using your instances you stop them and you stop paying for them. Amazon EC2 provides a range of instance types designed for different use cases. These range from small and economical instances that is a great choice for low volume applications up to cluster compute instances designed for high-performance computing workloads and could-based supercomputing on demand.

Amazon EC2 provides instances optimized for computing, memory, storage and GPU processing to enable you to find the right price and performance combination for whatever workloads you want to run. It's also really easy to resize your instances if your business or application requirements change. Amazon EC2 offers a choice of flexible pricing options. With on-demand pricing, you pay only for what you use.

When you stop your instances, you stop paying, there are no long-term commitments or upfront fees. Reserved instance pricing lets you obtain a significant discount over the on-demand price in return for a low one-time payment.

Spot instance pricing lets you name the price you want to pay for instances using market-based pricing and can allow you to obtain compute capacity at a significant discount to the on-demand price. We know that security is very important for your applications and Amazon EC2 provides several built-in security features. Your instances are located in a Virtual Private Cloud or VPC that is a logically isolated network that you control.

Amazon VPC provides you with several network security tools you can use to control who can access your instances?

You can also connect securely to your on-premises network with a hardware-based VPN device. Amazon EC2 instances provide you with various amounts of directly attached temporary storage depending on the instance type and you can also use Amazon Elastic Block Store or EBS to provide persistent block storage for your Amazon EC2 instances.

Amazon EBS also offers you the ability to provision storage with a specific level of performance to meet the needs of your application. It can be difficult to predict the demand that your applications might experience and Amazon EC2 provides auto-scaling to help ensure that the demands of your application are met.

Auto-scaling lets you define metrics to increase or decrease the number of instances that you are running. You can choose standard metrics, such as network bandwidth or CPU utilization or a custom metric that you define. This helps you ensure that you can meet your application's demands without manual intervention and pay only for what you need.

You can sign up for an AWS account today and get started with Amazon EC2 in minutes and with the AWS Free Tier, you can try cloud computing for free.

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)

Amazon EC2 offers resizable cloud-based compute capability taking shape as virtual servers. There is a broad range of instance types that are easily manageable and exhibit different combinations of networking capacity, storage size, amount of memory, and CPU power.

Features

• Removes the necessity of upfront investment in computer hardware.
• Commission numerous instances simultaneously
• Pay only for the used quantity
• Change web-scale cloud computing easy

Applications

• Big data - e.g. Hadoop
• Database software - e.g. Aurora, DynamoDB
• Enterprise applications - e.g. SAP, Oracle
• Migrations from on-premises environments
• Open-source cluster management

Amazon EC2 Container Service (ECS)

Amazon ECS is a scalable, performance container management service to include Docker containers. It enables you to run applications at ease on a managed cluster of Amazon EC2 instances.

Amazon ECS removes the necessity to install, run, and scale cluster management infrastructure.

Applications

• Web applications
• Microservices
• Batch jobs
• Docker workloads

How does Amazon ECS work?

Containers deliver speed and agility for your business but can require a lot of heavy lifting running complex container orchestration software managing and upgrading the orchestration systems having disjointed processes for hybrid environments not to mention managing cost and security concerns your time and your developers time is better spent focusing on projects to help grow your business.

This is how amazon elastic container service can help amazon ECS is fully automated with no control plane to manage and with ECS anywhere customers can work with containers in both cloud and on-premises environments.

Combining ECS on Fargate customers don't have to manage hosts no patching upgrading or maintenance overhead EC2 delivers security cost control and simplicity while removing the burden from your teams end to end innovate faster reduce overhead and spend more time deploying projects critical to your business growth build pipelines with agility and speed for networking storage and automated scheduling that scale automatically ECS seamlessly integrates with other AWS services if you know AWS you know ECS and teams can also run containers on computing services such as ec2 using the ECS fully managed control plane.

Best of all there is no additional charge for Amazon ECS you only pay for the AWS resources you need to store and run your application get started with ECS today.

AWS Lambda

AWS Lambda aims to run code without managing or provisioning servers.

• Lambda is the nucleus of serverless computing. To build and run services and applications without bothering about servers.
• Run code for virtually any type of backend service or application - with no administration.
• Upload the code and Lambda handles everything needed to run and scale the code with better availability.
• Pay only for the compute time that you use.
• Create code to automatically trigger from other AWS services, otherwise, call it directly from a mobile or web app.

Applications

• Web applications
• Mobile backends
• IoT backends
• Stream processing workloads
• File processing workloads

How does AWS Lambda work?

When you're building applications you want them to deliver a great experience for your users maybe you want your application to generate in-app purchase options during a gaming session rapidly validate street address updates or make image thumbnails available instantly after a user uploads photos to make this magic happen your application needs back-end code that runs in response to events like image uploads in-app activity website clicks or sensor outputs but managing the infrastructure to host and execute back-end code requires you to size provision and scale a bunch of servers manage operating system updates apply security patches and then monitor all this infrastructure for performance and availability wouldn't it be nice if you could just focus on building great applications without having to spend lots of time managing servers.

Introducing AWS Lambda AWS Lambda is a compute service that runs your backend code in response to events such as object uploads to Amazon s3 buckets updates to Amazon DynamoDB tables data and Amazon Kinesis dreams or in-app activity once you upload your code to lambda the service handles all the capacity scaling patching and administration of the infrastructure to run your code and provides visibility into performance by publishing real-time metrics and logs to Amazon Cloud Watch all you need to do is write the code.

AWS lambda is very low cost and does not require any upfront investment when you use AWS lambda you're simply charged a low fee per request and for the time your code runs measured in increments of 100 milliseconds getting started with AWS lambda is easy there are no new languages tools or frameworks to learn you can use any third-party library even native ones the code you run on AWS Lambda is called a lambda function you just upload your code as a zip file or design it in the integrated development environment in the AWS management console or you can select from a list of function samples pre-built for common use cases image conversion file compression and change notifications and built-in support for the AWS SDK makes it easy to call other AWS services once your function is loaded you select the event source to monitor such as an Amazon s3 bucket or Amazon DynamoDB table and within a few seconds lambda will be ready to trigger your function automatically

When an event occurs with lambda any event can trigger your function making it easy to build applications that respond quickly to new information to learn more about AWS lambda visit our website and you can get your first Lambda function up and running with a few clicks in the AWS management console and with the AWS free tier, you can try lambda for free.

AWS Essentials - Part 2 [ AWS Cloud - Products ]

AWS Cloud - Products

Let us explore different types of products in AWS.

Compute - AWS provides numerous compute products that allow you to deploy, run, and scale applications as virtual servers, code or containers.

Storage - Cloud storage is the secure, scalable and reliable component that includes the information used by applications.

Database - AWS provides fully managed NoSQL and relational databases, and in-memory cache to suit your application needs.

Developer Tools - AWS Developer tools is a set of services that are offered to allow developers to securely version control and store the source code of applications. Also, it aids to build, test and deploying the application automatically.



Management Tools - Aids you to manage the applications and resources.

Security and Compliance - Allows customers to know the proficient controls at AWS to maintain data protection and security in the cloud.

Messaging - Provides several messaging services and tools with diverse abilities.

Application Services - Offers a plethora of managed services for use with applications such as converting digital media into different formats, including search to your website, and hosting streaming applications.

AWS Essentials - Part 1 [ Introduction to AWS ]

AWS Essentials

Amazon Web Services is a leading cloud-based services platform and if you are aiming for a career in cloud technology, AWS Essentials is a great place to start. This course will introduce you to the various services and products offered by AWS.

Introduction to AWS

Welcome to this course on AWS Essentials!

Here you will first learn about Cloud Computing and its characteristics. Then you will understand What is AWS, its application and its usage. Following that, you will learn in detail about the different kinds of products AWS supports.

1. Compute
2. Storage
3. Database
4. Networking and Content Delivery
5. Developer Tools
6. Management Tools
7. Security and Compliance
8. Application Services
9. Messaging

AWS Cloud

Here you will get a chance to know more about the different offerings of AWS.

What is Cloud Computing?

Before drilling down further into AWS, let us first understand What is Cloud computing?

Cloud Computing

• It is the type of Internet-based computing that provides shared computer processing resources and data to computers and other devices on demand.
• It is a model for enabling ubiquitous, on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., computer networks, servers, storage, applications and services) provisioned with minimal management effort.
• This relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economy of scale, similar to a utility (like the electricity grid over an electricity network.)

Source - Wikipedia

Cloud Characteristics

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) highlights various characteristics that are needed for a service to be regarded as “Cloud”.

1. On-demand self-service - Sign up and enjoy the services without delays.
2. Broad network access - Access service through standard platforms (laptop, mobile, desktop, etc.)
3. Resource pooling - Resources are pooled to multiple customers.
4. Rapid elasticity - Ability to meet demand peaks.
5. Measured Service - Billing is metered and delivered as a utility service.

Three unique categories within Cloud Computing:

• Software as a Service (SaaS)
• Platform as a Service (PaaS)
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Software as a Service (SaaS)

1. Capability to run applications on a cloud infrastructure.
2. Applications are accessible from several client devices via either a thin client interface, like a web browser e.g., web-based email
3. The interplay between the outside world and organization. e.g., email newsletter campaign software
4. Software for a short term requirement. e.g., collaboration software for a particular project
5. “Vanilla” offerings where the solution is not differentiated.
6. The consumer does not control or manage the underlying cloud infrastructure, which includes servers, networks, operating systems and storage.

SaaS is not suitable in scenarios where the application

1. processes quick real-time data.
2. has a regulation or legislation that does not allow data to be hosted externally.
3. the existing on-premise solution that satisfies all of the requirements of an organization.

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Computing platform that permits creating web applications effortlessly, fast, with no complexity of buying or maintaining the infrastructure and software.

1. Services to develop and test applications, as well as deploy, host and maintain applications in a similar integrated development environment.
2. Ability to deploy on cloud infrastructure with the help of programming languages, services, libraries, and tools.
3. Built-in scalability of deployed software with failover and load balancing.
4. Integration with databases and web services through common standards.

PaaS is not suitable in scenarios where the application -

• requires to be more portable concerning where it is hosted.
• performance needs customization of the underlying software and hardware.
• proprietary approaches or languages would affect the development process.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Capableness to provide networks, processing, storage, and other fundamental computing resources, and ability to deploy, run arbitrary software that can include operating systems and applications. Here, the consumer is incapable of controlling or managing the underlying cloud infrastructure.

1. Resources are distributed as a service and enable dynamic scaling
2. Utility pricing model
3. Multiple users on one hardware Applicability-
4. New organizations with less capital could invest in hardware easily
5. Organizations growing rapidly
6. Pressure on the organization to restrict capital expenditure and to migrate to operating expenditure

IaaS is not suitable in cases where

• strict regulatory compliance is followed
• A very high level of performance is required.

More on Cloud Computing

Let's discuss some advantages to moving to the cloud

1. Variable as opposed to upfront
2. Fixed cost
3. Economics of scale can reduce Operating cost
4. It's easier to match capacity to demand
5. It allows you to focus on developing and deploying applications instead of the undifferentiated heavy lifting associated with managing an on-premises data centre.
6. It allows you to increase the velocity of your Agile development and allows a global presence right out of the gate.

Types of Cloud Services

Following are the different types of services that are offered by cloud

1. Infrastructure as a Service: This allows you to easily provision the IT components you require; including networking capabilities, computers, multi-tenant or dedicated, and data storage. It's flexible and allows you to control and manage your IT resources similar to the way you would in a traditional on-premises data centre, such as EC2, S3, and VPC.
2. Platform as a Service: It frees you from having to manage the underlying infrastructure and focus on the deployment and management of your application. It frees you from having to think about resource procurement, capacity planning, software maintenance, and patching. Examples of Platform as a Service on AWS include Route 53, Elastic Load Balancing, and Auto Scaling.
3. Software as a Service: It provides you with an application that is run and managed entirely by a service provider. Think of SaaS as an end-user application running in the cloud. In a SaaS environment, you have access to the capabilities of an application without the hassle of how it's maintained or its underlying infrastructure

Geographical displacement

Next, let's take a look at the infrastructure in terms of its geographical dispersement.

• Regions are geographical areas, such as California, that contain multiple data centres in what is called availability zones.
• Availability zones are separate physical data centres that may exist within a particular region but have separate infrastructure dependencies, such as the electrical power grid, flood plain, and any other factors that might isolate it from the potential of outages
• In addition to AZs, AWS supports numerous Edge locations. Throughout the globe, there are a lot more Edge locations than there are AZs. And these are small kinds of point of presence services used to deliver content, such as the Cloud Front and Content Distribution Network.
• Infrastructure usage is the idea that you pay only for what you use, such as EC2. EC2 has various options, one of which is on-demand, which is where you only pay for the instance as long as you're using the instance or it's running.
• Pricing concepts include paying for infrastructure usage, such as when using EC2; and data usage and transfer, such as when using Amazon S3 or DynamoDB.
• Designing for high availability is a stricter requirement than designing for fault tolerance. For example, in architecture with a single instance, with an auto-scaling group of one, an instance failure will heal itself or replace the instance since the rule might say, "always provide one instance." This is an example of fault tolerance and not high availability. If however, I have an auto-scaling group with two instances in different AZs and one fails, the traffic will automatically route to the second instance. This is an example of higher availability.
• Global infrastructure services include Identity and Access Management (IAM). Core services include networking, computing, storage, and databases, Application services include SNS, SQS, and SWF, Deployment and management services include Elastic Beanstalk and Cloud formation.

History of AWS

Extending IT Infrastructure to the AWS Cloud

Observe how the IT extends further to support Cloud computing in this video

Features of AWS

AWS offers numerous ways to create and manage resources. Following are the different ways to access the features offered by AWS.

AWS Management Console - A web interface for AWS.

AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI) - Commands for a wide set of AWS products.

***Command Line Tools***- Commands for individual AWS products.

AWS Software Development Kits (SDK) - APIs that are specific to programming language or platform.

Query APIs - Low-level APIs that are accessible using HTTP requests.

You will learn more about AWS Management Console and CLI in detail as you progress.

 AWS Management Console

AWS Command Line Interface

The AWS Command Line Interface is a unified tool that manages several AWS services from the command line and automates all the services through scripts.

AWS-shell is a command-line shell program to offer productivity and ease features to aid advanced and new users of the AWS Command Line Interface.

Key Features Include:

• Fuzzy auto-completion for Resource identifiers, Options, Commands.
• Dynamic in-line documentation
• Execution of OS shell commands
• Export executed commands to a text editor

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Basic Programming in Python 3

Whitespace - Indentation

At this point, you may be wondering how Python knows which statements get grouped for if the statements while loops and function definitions and languages like C++ C and Java they use braces Python does not have any syntax for braces in MATLAB, you have the end a statement that indicates the end of a block of code in Python all of this is determined by indentation let's take a look at a couple of examples let's say X is some value in this case we see that the indentation puts the print high a statement within the code block so executing this code no matter what the value of x is will always print hello but only if X is true we'll high get printed so let's look at a slightly more the complicated example we again have a print high and then we have print hello and then aligned with this we have a print high again, in this case, these two are not aligned properly so this is maybe two spaces and this is one space here and this will cause an error in Python everything has to be aligned within a given code block now this syntax is okay and we get the same type of indentation for code blocks with functions and while loops everything is just denoted by indentation.

Read, Evaluate, Print, Loop

Hello everyone, in this article we will look at the Repple in Python. so, what is ripple stand for ripple is basically read evaluate print and then go back again to read so what does it mean it means that the shell environment in Python is an interactive environment and whatever we type into Python and when we hit enter it reads that then it evaluates whatever we have said that needs to be done and then it prints back the results to us and then it loops back to the read mode where it waits for us to give more input to Python so that it can again evaluate and print so it goes in this roundabout fashion where it reads evaluates prints and then again goes back to read so you can also go ahead and read this on Wikipedia I will leave a note for this in the in the video notes so I'll leave the hyperlink for this and if you want you can further read this let's just go and play of it with Python to understand what ripple is so let's type Python so this repple have started so this is the first print where it tells us the version and what what version of python we are using so for example if we type 5 plus 3 and hit enter python reads that evaluates it and then prints the feedback sorry prints the result said to us and then loops back to the read mode again so if i type 5 in to say 6 it has again read it evaluated at printed and looped back to the read state we can also assign variables like y is equal to 8 and that stays in the memory it has read it and then we can say why into five where it will evenly evaluate the result of fine to five and print it back to us like 40 we can also use underscore underscore basically helps his point to the last variable assignment and I can say into five it will give us four oh so 40 was the last result set and I have be used it and if I do again in to underscore into five it becomes a thousand set underscore basically refers to the last results that we've had or the last print and we can reuse that something which is an anomaly here is for example the print statement because there is nothing to evaluate if I say hello world and hit enter it just prints so in this case it reads there is nothing to evaluate but it prints and then it loops back to the read now he will just quit Python here and move back to our command prompt so I'm in Windows I will just type control Z and then hit enter and it brings me back to my Windows prompt so in this video we learned about the repel or how Python works interactively in a shell environment I hope you find this video useful and thanks for watching this video please do subscribe to my channel if you enjoy what I am doing Thanks.

Hands-on - Practice Question PYTHON 3

1. Print

Greeting Quote

Mr Greet is the name of the digital notice board placed at the entrance of the seminar hall. Its purpose is to welcome each and every participant of the seminar by showing a welcoming quote with their name on it.

It is based on the function ‘Greet’ which takes a single parameter ‘Name’ as a String are the names of the participants as Input One by one.

Write the function definition for ‘Greet’ which will generate the welcoming quote as below :

For Example, the ‘Name’ is “Ramakrishnan” then the welcoming quote will be :

Output:

Welcome, Ramakrishnan.

It is our pleasure to invite you.

Have a wonderful day.

 

Note:

‘Name’ must be of String Datatype.

 

Input Format for Custom Testing:

It’s a single line containing a name.

Sample Test Case 1:

 

Sample Input

STDIN      Function
-----      --------
Karthik →  Name

Sample Output

Welcome Karthik.
It is our pleasure inviting you.
Have a wonderful day.

Installing Python 3 in Windows and Linux by www.BlueTEXT.in

Introduction

Python is a widely used high-level programming language first launched in 1991. Since then, Python has been gaining popularity and is considered one of the most popular and flexible server-side programming languages.

Unlike most Linux distributions, Windows does not come with the Python programming language by default. However, you can install Python on your Windows server or local machine in just a few easy steps.

Prerequisites

• A system running Windows 10 with admin privileges

• Command Prompt (comes with Windows by default)

• A Remote Desktop Connection app (use if you are installing Python on a remote Windows server)

Python 3 Installation on Windows

Step 1: Select Version of Python to Install

The installation procedure involves downloading the official Python .exe installer and running it on your system.

The version you need depends on what you want to do in Python. For example, if you are working on a project coded in Python version 2.6, you probably need that version. If you are starting a project from scratch, you have the freedom to choose.

If you are learning to code in Python, we recommend you download both the latest version of Python 2 and 3. Working with Python 2 enables you to work on older projects or test new projects for backward compatibility.

Note: If you are installing Python on a remote Windows server, log in via Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). Once you log in, the installation procedure is the same as for a local Windows machine.

Step 2: Download Python Executable Installer

1. Open your web browser and navigate to the Downloads for Windows section of the official Python website.

2. Search for your desired version of Python. At the time of publishing this article, the latest Python 3 release is version 3.7.3, while the latest Python 2 release is version 2.7.16.

3. Select a link to download either the Windows x86-64 executable installer or Windows x86 executable installer. The download is approximately 25MB.

Note: If your Windows installation is a 32-bit system, you need the Windows x86 executable installer. If your Windows is a 64-bit version, you need to download the Windows x86-64 executable installer. There is nothing to worry about if you install the “wrong” version. You can uninstall one version of Python and install another.

Step 3: Run Executable Installer

1. Run the Python Installer once downloaded. (In this example, we have downloaded Python 3.7.3.)

2. Make sure you select the Install launcher for all users and Add Python 3.7 to PATH checkboxes. The latter places the interpreter in the execution path. For older versions of Python that do not support the Add Python to Path checkbox, see Step 6.

3. Select Install Now – the recommended installation options.

For all recent versions of Python, the recommended installation options include Pip and IDLE. Older versions might not include such additional features.

4. The next dialogue will prompt you to select whether to Disable the path length limit. Choosing this option will allow Python to bypass the 260-character MAX_PATH limit. Effectively, it will enable Python to use long path names.

The Disable path length limit option will not affect any other system settings. Turning it on will resolve potential name length issues that may arise with Python projects developed in Linux.

Step 4: Verify Python Was Installed On Windows  

1. Navigate to the directory in which Python was installed on the system. In our case, it is C:\Users\Username\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37 since we have installed the latest version.

2. Double-click python.exe.

3. The output should be similar to what you can see below:

Note: You can also check whether the installation was successful by typing python –V in Command Prompt. The output should display your installed version of Python. In our case, it is “Python 3.7.3.”

Step 5: Verify Pip Was Installed

If you opted to install an older version of Python, it is possible that it did not come with Pip preinstalled. Pip is a powerful package management system for Python software packages. Thus, make sure that you have it installed.

We recommend using Pip for most Python packages, especially when working in virtual environments.

To verify whether Pip was installed:

1. Open the Start menu and type "cmd."

2. Select the Command Prompt application.

3. Enter pip -V in the console. If Pip was installed successfully, you should see the following output:

Pip has not been installed yet if you get the following output:

'pip' is not recognized as an internal or external command,

Operable program or batch file.

If your version of Python is missing Pip, see our article How to Install Pip to Manage Python Packages on Windows.

Step 6: Add Python Path to Environment Variables (Optional)

We recommend you go through this step if your version of the Python installer does not include the Add Python to PATH checkbox or if you have not selected that option.

Setting up the Python path to system variables alleviates the need for using full paths. It instructs Windows to look through all the PATH folders for “python” and find the install folder that contains the python.exe file.

1. Open the Start menu and start the Run app.

2. Type sysdm.cpl and click OK. This opens the System Properties window.

3. Navigate to the Advanced tab and select Environment Variables.

4. Under System Variables, find and select the Path variable.

5. Click Edit.

6. Select the Variable value field. Add the path to the python.exe file preceded with a semicolon (;). For example, in the image below, we have added ";C:\Python34."

7. Click OK and close all windows.

By setting this up, you can execute Python scripts like this: Python script.py

Instead of this: C:/Python34/Python script.py

As you can see, it is cleaner and more manageable.

Step 7: Install virtualnv (Optional)

You have Python, and you have Pip to manage packages. Now, you need one last software package - virtualnv. Virtualnv enables you to create isolated local virtual environments for your Python projects.

Why use virtualnv?

Python software packages are installed system-wide by default. Consequently, whenever a single project-specific package is changed, it changes for all your Python projects. You would want to avoid this, and having separate virtual environments for each project is the easiest solution.

To install virtualnv:

1. Open the Start menu and type "cmd."

2. Select the Command Prompt application.

3. Type the following pip command in the console:

C:\Users\Username> pip install virtualenv

Upon completion, virtualnv is installed on your system.

Installing Python 3 on Linux

This document describes how to install Python 3.6 or 3.8 on Ubuntu Linux machines.

To see which version of Python 3 you have installed, open a command prompt and run

$ python3 --version

If you are using Ubuntu 16.10 or newer, then you can easily install Python 3.6 with the following commands:

$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install python3.6

If you’re using another version of Ubuntu (e.g. the latest LTS release) or you want to use a more current Python, we recommend using the deadsnakes PPA to install Python 3.8:

$ sudo apt-get install software-properties-common
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install python3.8

If you are using other Linux distribution, chances are you already have Python 3 pre-installed as well. If not, use your distribution’s package manager. For example on Fedora, you would use dnf:

$ sudo dnf install python3

Note that if the version of the python3 package is not recent enough for you, there may be ways of installing more recent versions as well, depending on you distribution. For example installing the python3.9 package on Fedora 32 to get Python 3.9. If you are a Fedora user, you might want to read about multiple Python versions available in Fedora.

Working with Python 3

At this point, you may have the system Python 2.7 available as well.

$ python

This might launch the Python 2 interpreter.

$ python3

This will always launch the Python 3 interpreter.

Setuptools & Pip

The two most crucial third-party Python packages are setup tools and pip.

Once installed, you can download, install and uninstall any compliant Python software product with a single command. It also enables you to add this network installation capability to your own Python software with very little work.

Python 2.7.9 and later (on the python2 series), and Python 3.4 and later include pip by default.

To see if pip is installed, open a command prompt and run

$ command -v pip

To install pip, follow the official pip installation guide - this will automatically install the latest version of setup tools.

Note that on some Linux distributions including Ubuntu and Fedora the pip command is meant for Python 2, while the pip3 command is meant for Python 3.

$ command -v pip3

However, when using virtual environments (described below), you don’t need to care about that.

Pipenv & Virtual Environments

The next step is to install Pipenv, so you can install dependencies and manage virtual environments.

A Virtual Environment is a tool to keep the dependencies required by different projects in separate places, by creating virtual Python environments for them. It solves the “Project X depends on version 1.x but, Project Y needs 4.x” dilemma, and keeps your global site-packages directory clean and manageable.

For example, you can work on a project which requires Django 1.10 while also maintaining a project which requires Django 1.8.

So, onward! To the Pipenv & Virtual Environments docs!